FUNDAMENTALS: Which Preferences DO Require Labor Certification?–The Visa Bulletin and Priority Dates–The Old System and Issues at the Backlog Elimination Centers–Traditional vs. RIR and Conversion–Recruitment–Notice of Findings–45-day Letters–The Elements of PERM Labor Certifications–Prevailing Wage Determinations–The Job Order–The Recruitment Campaign–The Recruitment Report–The Audit File–Denials and Appeals–Ability to Pay Issues—Planning for the Future–Ethical Considerations–Q